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The science

References

The published research behind the herbs and nutrients in our formulas, grouped by ingredient. Pick an ingredient to jump to its studies.

L-Theanine 65

  1. Yamada T, et al. Theanine, r-glutamylethylamide, increases neurotransmission concentrations and neurotrophin mRNA levels in the brain during lactation. Life Sci. (2007)
  2. Differences in free amino acids and total nitrogen contents among various prices of green tea.
  3. Comparison of Azorean tea theanine to teas from other origins by HPLC/DAD/FD. Effects of fermentation, drying temperature, drying time, and shoot maturity.
  4. Nobre AC, Rao A, Owen GN. L-theanine, a natural constituent in tea, and its effect on mental state. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. (2008)
  5. L-theanine—a unique amino acid of green tea and its relaxation effect in humans.
  6. CASIMIR J, JADOT J, RENARD M. Separation and characterization of N-ethyl-gamma-glutamine from Xerocomus badius. Biochim Biophys Acta. (1960)
  7. Başkan MH, Aydın M. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of gamma-irradiated dl-alanine ethyl ester hydrochloride, l-theanine and l-glutamic acid dimethyl ester hydrochloride. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. (2013)
  8. 200 mg of Zen: L-Theanine Boosts Alpha Waves, Promotes Alert Relaxation.
  9. Narukawa M, et al. Nerve and behavioral responses of mice to various umami substances. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. (2011)
  10. Narukawa M, Morita K, Hayashi Y. L-theanine elicits an umami taste with inosine 5'-monophosphate. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. (2008)
  11. Lyon MR, Kapoor MP, Juneja LR. The effects of L-theanine (Suntheanine®) on objective sleep quality in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Altern Med Rev. (2011)
  12. Suntheanine: A pure and safe L-theanine dietary supplement for relaxation and stress relief.
  13. Process for producing theanine WO 2004016798 A1.
  14. Kimura K, et al. L-Theanine reduces psychological and physiological stress responses. Biol Psychol. (2007)
  15. Lu K, et al. The acute effects of L-theanine in comparison with alprazolam on anticipatory anxiety in humans. Hum Psychopharmacol. (2004)
  16. Gomez-Ramirez M, et al. The effects of L-theanine on alpha-band oscillatory brain activity during a visuo-spatial attention task. Brain Topogr. (2009)
  17. Park SK, et al. A combination of green tea extract and l-theanine improves memory and attention in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Med Food. (2011)
  18. Tsuge H, et al. Theanine, gamma-glutamylethylamide, is metabolized by renal phosphate-independent glutaminase. Biochim Biophys Acta. (2003)
  19. Zarse K, Jabin S, Ristow M. L-Theanine extends lifespan of adult Caenorhabditis elegans. Eur J Nutr. (2012)
  20. Kimura R, Murata T. Influence of alkylamides of glutamic acid and related compounds on the central nervous system. I. Central depressant effect of theanine.Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). (1971)
  21. Terashima T, Takido J, Yokogoshi H. Time-dependent changes of amino acids in the serum, liver, brain and urine of rats administered with theanine. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. (1999)
  22. Yokogoshi H, et al. Effect of theanine, r-glutamylethylamide, on brain monoamines and striatal dopamine release in conscious rats. Neurochem Res. (1998)
  23. Christensen HN. Developments in amino acid transport, illustrated for the blood-brain barrier. Biochem Pharmacol. (1979)
  24. Tamano H, et al. Preventive effect of theanine intake on stress-induced impairments of hippocamapal long-term potentiation and recognition memory. Brain Res Bull. (2013)
  25. Effects of Theanine on the Release of Brain Alpha Wave in Adult Males.
  26. Effects of l-theanine on attention and reaction time response.
  27. The acute effects of L-theanine in comparison with alprazolam on anticipatory anxiety in humans.
  28. Pfurtscheller G. Event-related synchronization (ERS): an electrophysiological correlate of cortical areas at rest. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. (1992)
  29. Gomez-Ramirez M, et al. The deployment of intersensory selective attention: a high-density electrical mapping study of the effects of theanine. Clin Neuropharmacol. (2007)
  30. Visual spatial attention tracking using high-density SSVEP data for independent brain-computer communication.
  31. Kelly SP, et al. Increases in alpha oscillatory power reflect an active retinotopic mechanism for distracter suppression during sustained visuospatial attention. J Neurophysiol. (2006)
  32. Klimesch W, et al. Induced alpha band power changes in the human EEG and attention. Neurosci Lett. (1998)
  33. Kimura R, Murata T. Effect of theanine on norepinephrine and serotonin levels in rat brain. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). (1986)
  34. Yokogoshi H, Mochizuki M, Saitoh K. Theanine-induced reduction of brain serotonin concentration in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. (1998)
  35. Kakuda T, et al. Inhibition by theanine of binding of {3H}AMPA, {3H}kainate, and {3H}MDL 105,519 to glutamate receptors. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. (2002)
  36. Kakuda T, et al. Theanine, an ingredient of green tea, inhibits {3H}glutamine transport in neurons and astroglia in rat brain. J Neurosci Res. (2008)
  37. Cortese S, et al. Sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis of subjective and objective studies. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. (2009)
  38. Cohen-Zion M, Ancoli-Israel S. Sleep in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a review of naturalistic and stimulant intervention studies.Sleep Med Rev. (2004)
  39. Ritsner MS, et al. L-theanine relieves positive, activation, and anxiety symptoms in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: an 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-center study. J Clin Psychiatry. (2011)
  40. Kim TI, et al. l-Theanine, an amino acid in green tea, attenuates beta-amyloid-induced cognitive dysfunction and neurotoxicity: reduction in oxidative damage and inactivation of ERK/p38 kinase and NF-kappaB pathways. Free Radic Biol Med. (2009)
  41. Schallier A, et al. L-Theanine intake increases threshold for limbic seizures but decreases threshold for generalized seizures. Nutr Neurosci. (2013)
  42. Dhir A. Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling model of epilepsy. Curr Protoc Neurosci. (2012)
  43. Gomes A, et al. Proconvulsive effect of tea (Camellia sinensis) in mice. Phytother Res. (1999)
  44. Takeda A, et al. Unique induction of CA1 LTP components after intake of theanine, an amino acid in tea leaves and its effect on stress response. Cell Mol Neurobiol. (2012)
  45. Tian X, et al. Protective effect of l-theanine on chronic restraint stress-induced cognitive impairments in mice. Brain Res. (2013)
  46. Joëls M, et al. The coming out of the brain mineralocorticoid receptor. Trends Neurosci. (2008)
  47. Sandi C. Glucocorticoids act on glutamatergic pathways to affect memory processes. Trends Neurosci. (2011)
  48. Garcia R. Stress, hippocampal plasticity, and spatial learning. Synapse. (2001)
  49. Coffee, green tea, black tea and oolong tea consumption and risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease in Japanese men and women.
  50. Peters U, Poole C, Arab L. Does tea affect cardiovascular disease? A meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. (2001)
  51. Lorenz M, et al. Green and black tea are equally potent stimuli of NO production and vasodilation: new insights into tea ingredients involved. Basic Res Cardiol. (2009)
  52. Siamwala JH, et al. L-theanine promotes nitric oxide production in endothelial cells through eNOS phosphorylation. J Nutr Biochem. (2013)
  53. Owen GN, et al. The combined effects of L-theanine and caffeine on cognitive performance and mood. Nutr Neurosci. (2008)
  54. Giesbrecht T, et al. The combination of L-theanine and caffeine improves cognitive performance and increases subjective alertness. Nutr Neurosci. (2010)
  55. Foxe JJ, et al. Assessing the effects of caffeine and theanine on the maintenance of vigilance during a sustained attention task. Neuropharmacology. (2012)
  56. Haskell CF, et al. The effects of L-theanine, caffeine and their combination on cognition and mood. Biol Psychol. (2008)
  57. Einöther SJ, et al. L-theanine and caffeine improve task switching but not intersensory attention or subjective alertness. Appetite. (2010)
  58. Intestinal transport of pure theanine and theanine in green tea extract: Green tea components inhibit theanine absorption and promote theanine excretion.
  59. Varietal Differences in the Total and Enantiomeric Composition of Theanine in Tea.
  60. Desai MJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics of theanine enantiomers in rats. Chirality. (2005)
  61. Kitaoka S, et al. Transmural potential changes associated with the in vitro absorption of theanine in the guinea pig intestine. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. (1996)
  62. Kinetics of the sodium-dependent glutamine transporter in human intestinal cell confluent monolayers.
  63. Fiermonte G, et al. Identification of the mitochondrial glutamate transporter. Bacterial expression, reconstitution, functional characterization, and tissue distribution of two human isoforms. J Biol Chem. (2002)
  64. Borzelleca JF, Peters D, Hall W. A 13-week dietary toxicity and toxicokinetic study with l-theanine in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. (2006)
  65. Mutagenicity test of food additives with Salmonella typhimurium TA97 and TA102. X

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Ashwagandha 5

  1. Sebastian Pole, Ayurvedic Medicine: The Principles of Traditional Practice (London: Churchill Livingston, 2006), pp. 133-134.
  2. Sandhu Jaspal, et al. “Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Terminalia arjuna (Arjuna) on physical performance and cardiorespiratory endurance n healthy young adults.” Int J Ayurveda Res. 1, no 3 (July-Sept 2010):144-149.
  3. U Pingali, et al. “Effect of standardized aqueous extract of Withania somnifera on tests of cognitive and psychomotor performance in healthy human subjects.” Pharmacognosy Res. 6, no 1 (January 2014):12-8.
  4. D Choudhary, et al. “Body Weight Management in Adults Under Chronic Stress Through Treatment with Ashwagandha Root Extract: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.” J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. April 6, 2016.
  5. Lakshmi-Chandra Mishra, Betsy Singh, and Simon Dagenais. “Scientific Basis for the Therapeutic Use of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha): A Review.” Alternative Medicine Review. 5, no 4 (2000):334-346.

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Magnolia 99

  1. Tan Y, et al. Research on rectal administration of bark of official Magnolia. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. (1995)
  2. Kuribara H, et al. The anxiolytic effect of two oriental herbal drugs in Japan attributed to honokiol from magnolia bark. J Pharm Pharmacol. (2000)
  3. Naito A, Satoh H, Sekizawa K. Asthma as well as anxiety improved by the Kampo extract Saiboku-to. Eur J Intern Med. (2005)
  4. Luo L, et al. Antidepressant effects of Banxia Houpu decoction, a traditional Chinese medicinal empirical formula. J Ethnopharmacol. (2000)
  5. Xu Q, et al. Antidepressant-like effects of the mixture of honokiol and magnolol from the barks of Magnolia officinalis in stressed rodents. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. (2008)
  6. Wang X, et al. Isolation and purification of honokiol and magnolol from cortex Magnoliae officinalis by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A. (2004)
  7. Jiang Y, et al. Quality Assessment of Commercial Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex by (1) H-NMR-based Metabolomics and HPLC Methods. Phytochem Anal. (2011)
  8. Lu Y, Sun C, Pan Y. A comparative study of upright counter-current chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatograpohy for preparative isolation and purification ofphenolic compounds from Magnoliae officinalis. J Sep Sci. (2006)
  9. Yu S, et al. Effects of primary processing on quality of cortex Magnolia officinalis. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. (2010)
  10. Han H, et al. Anxiolytic-like effects of 4-O-methylhonokiol isolated from Magnolia officinalis through enhancement of GABAergic transmission and chloride influx.J Med Food. (2011)
  11. Yan R, et al. Studies on the Alkaloids of the Bark of Magnolia officinalis: Isolation and On-line Analysis by HPLC-ESI-MSn. Molecules. (2013)
  12. Matsuda H, et al. Effects of constituents from the bark of Magnolia obovata on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). (2001)
  13. Nakazawa T, Yasuda T, Ohsawa K. Metabolites of orally administered Magnolia officinalis extract in rats and man and its antidepressant-like effects in mice. J Pharm Pharmacol. (2003)
  14. Yan RY, et al. Phenolic glycosides and other constituents from the bark of Magnolia officinalis. J Asian Nat Prod Res. (2013)
  15. Jiang Y, et al. Variation of phenolic compound contents of Magnolia officinalis at different levels. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. (2010)
  16. Yang HB, et al. Phenols in seedling cortex of Magnolia officinalis from Enshi. Zhong Yao Cai. (2008)
  17. Watanabe K, et al. Studies on the active principles of magnolia bark. Centrally acting muscle relaxant activity of magnolol and hōnokiol. Jpn J Pharmacol. (1975)
  18. Lee YJ, et al. Therapeutic applications of compounds in the Magnolia family. Pharmacol Ther. (2011)
  19. Fujita M, Itokawa H, Sashida Y. Studies on the components of Magnolia obovata Thunb. 3. Occurrence of magnolol and hõnokiol in M. obovata and other allied plants. Yakugaku Zasshi. (1973)
  20. Cheng Z. Comparative studies on the interactions of honokiol and magnolol with human serum albumin. J Pharm Biomed Anal. (2012)
  21. Homma M, et al. Systematic analysis of post-administrative saiboku-to urine by liquid chromatography to determine pharmacokinetics of traditional Chinese medicine. Biomed Chromatogr. (1997)
  22. Tsai TH, Chou CJ, Chen CF. Disposition of magnolol after intravenous bolus and infusion in rabbits. Drug Metab Dispos. (1994)
  23. Tsai TH, Chou CJ, Chen CF. Pharmacokinetics and brain distribution of magnolol in the rat after intravenous bolus injection. J Pharm Pharmacol. (1996)
  24. Wang X, et al. Honokiol crosses BBB and BCSFB, and inhibits brain tumor growth in rat 9L intracerebral gliosarcoma model and human U251 xenograft glioma model. PLoS One. (2011)
  25. Squires RF, et al. Honokiol and magnolol increase the number of {3H} muscimol binding sites three-fold in rat forebrain membranes in vitro using a filtration assay, by allosterically increasing the affinities of low-affinity sites. Neurochem Res. (1999)
  26. Tsai TH, et al. Effects of honokiol and magnolol on acetylcholine release from rat hippocampal slices. Planta Med. (1995)
  27. Hou YC, Chao PD, Chen SY. Honokiol and magnolol increased hippocampal acetylcholine release in freely-moving rats. Am J Chin Med. (2000)
  28. Lee YK, et al. Protective effect of the ethanol extract of Magnolia officinalis and 4-O-methylhonokiol on scopolamine-induced memory impairment and the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. J Nat Med. (2009)
  29. Matsui N, et al. Magnolol and honokiol prevent learning and memory impairment and cholinergic deficit in SAMP8 mice. Brain Res. (2009)
  30. Alexeev M, et al. The natural products magnolol and honokiol are positive allosteric modulators of both synaptic and extra-synaptic GABA(A) receptors.Neuropharmacology. (2012)
  31. Taferner B, et al. Modulation of GABAA-receptors by honokiol and derivatives: subtype selectivity and structure-activity relationship. J Med Chem. (2011)
  32. Ma H, et al. Magnolol enhances pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors: possible involvement of GABAergic systems. Phytother Res. (2009)
  33. Chen CR, et al. Magnolol, a major bioactive constituent of the bark of Magnolia officinalis, exerts antiepileptic effects via the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex in mice. Br J Pharmacol. (2011)
  34. Chen CR, et al. Magnolol, a major bioactive constituent of the bark of Magnolia officinalis, induces sleep via the benzodiazepine site of GABA(A) receptor in mice. Neuropharmacology. (2012)
  35. Lin YR, et al. Differential inhibitory effects of honokiol and magnolol on excitatory amino acid-evoked cation signals and NMDA-induced seizures.Neuropharmacology. (2005)
  36. Tachikawa E, Takahashi M, Kashimoto T. Effects of extract and ingredients isolated from Magnolia obovata thunberg on catecholamine secretion from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Biochem Pharmacol. (2000)
  37. Koetter U, et al. Interactions of Magnolia and Ziziphus extracts with selected central nervous system receptors. J Ethnopharmacol. (2009)
  38. Chen HH, Lin SC, Chan MH. Protective and restorative effects of magnolol on neurotoxicity in mice with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced hemiparkinsonism.Neurodegener Dis. (2011)
  39. Hsieh MT, Chueh FY, Lin MT. Magnolol decreases body temperature by reducing 5-hydroxytryptamine release in the rat hypothalamus. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. (1998)
  40. Tsai TH, et al. Modulatory effects of magnolol on potassium-stimulated 5-hydroxytryptamine release from rat cortical and hippocampal slices. Neurosci Lett. (1995)
  41. Yi LT, et al. Antidepressant-like synergism of extracts from magnolia bark and ginger rhizome alone and in combination in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. (2009)
  42. Watanabe K, et al. Pharmacological properties of magnolol and honokiol extracted from Magnolia officinalis: central depressant effects. Planta Med. (1983)
  43. Rickels K, Schweizer E. The clinical presentation of generalized anxiety in primary-care settings: practical concepts of classification and management. J Clin Psychiatry. (1997)
  44. Kalman DS, et al. Effect of a proprietary Magnolia and Phellodendron extract on stress levels in healthy women: a pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Nutr J. (2008)
  45. Agosta C, Atlante M, Benvenuti C. Randomized controlled study on clinical efficacy of isoflavones plus Lactobacillus sporogenes, associated or not with a natural anxiolytic agent in menopause. Minerva Ginecol. (2011)
  46. Mucci M, et al. Soy isoflavones, lactobacilli, Magnolia bark extract, vitamin D3 and calcium. Controlled clinical study in menopause. Minerva Ginecol. (2006)
  47. Garrison R, Chambliss WG. Effect of a proprietary Magnolia and Phellodendron extract on weight management: a pilot, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Altern Ther Health Med. (2006)
  48. Li LF, et al. Antidepressant-like Effect of Magnolol on BDNF Up-regulation and Serotonergic System Activity in Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Treated Rats.Phytother Res. (2012)
  49. Qiang LQ, et al. Combined administration of the mixture of honokiol and magnolol and ginger oil evokes antidepressant-like synergism in rats. Arch Pharm Res. (2009)
  50. Effects of Magnolol on the Inhibition of AGEs Formation and Sorbitol Accumulation in the STZ-Induced Diabetic Rats.
  51. Sohn EJ, et al. Effects of magnolol (5,5'-diallyl-2,2'-dihydroxybiphenyl) on diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Life Sci. (2007)
  52. Abbott BD. Review of the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha (PPAR alpha), beta (PPAR beta), and gamma (PPAR gamma) in rodent and human development. Reprod Toxicol. (2009)
  53. Patsouris D, Müller M, Kersten S. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor ligands for the treatment of insulin resistance. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. (2004)
  54. Evans RM, Barish GD, Wang YX. PPARs and the complex journey to obesity. Nat Med. (2004)
  55. Agrawal R, Jain P, Dikshit SN. Balaglitazone: a second generation peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma (γ) agonist. Mini Rev Med Chem. (2012)
  56. Gregoire FM, et al. MBX-102/JNJ39659100, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-ligand with weak transactivation activity retains antidiabetic properties in the absence of weight gain and edema. Mol Endocrinol. (2009)
  57. Bhalla K, et al. N-Acetylfarnesylcysteine is a novel class of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ligand with partial and full agonist activity in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem. (2011)
  58. Fakhrudin N, et al. Computer-aided discovery, validation, and mechanistic characterization of novel neolignan activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Mol Pharmacol. (2010)
  59. Atanasov AG, et al. Honokiol: A non-adipogenic PPARγ agonist from nature. Biochim Biophys Acta. (2013)
  60. Choi SS, et al. Honokiol enhances adipocyte differentiation by potentiating insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J Nat Med. (2011)
  61. Bardot O, et al. PPAR-RXR heterodimer activates a peroxisome proliferator response element upstream of the bifunctional enzyme gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. (1993)
  62. Molecular Determinants of Magnolol Targeting Both RXRα and PPARγ.
  63. Choi SS, et al. Magnolol enhances adipocyte differentiation and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells. Life Sci. (2009)
  64. Kim YJ, et al. Long-term supplementation of honokiol and magnolol ameliorates body fat accumulation, insulin resistance, and adipose inflammation in high-fat fed mice. Mol Nutr Food Res. (2013)
  65. Eke PI, et al. Prevalence of periodontitis in adults in the United States: 2009 and 2010. J Dent Res. (2012)
  66. Amano A. Host-parasite interactions in periodontitis: subgingival infection and host sensing. Periodontol 2000. (2010)
  67. Schacher B, et al. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans as indicator for aggressive periodontitis by two analysing strategies. J Clin Periodontol. (2007)
  68. Crotti T, et al. Receptor activator NF kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) protein expression in periodontitis. J Periodontal Res. (2003)
  69. Lu SH, Huang RY, Chou TC. Magnolol ameliorates ligature-induced periodontitis in rats and osteoclastogenesis: in vivo and in vitro study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. (2013)
  70. Chang B, et al. Antimicrobial activity of magnolol and honokiol against periodontopathic microorganisms. Planta Med. (1998)
  71. Ho KY, et al. Antimicrobial activity of honokiol and magnolol isolated from Magnolia officinalis. Phytother Res. (2001)
  72. Chen JS, et al. Magnolol stimulates lipolysis in lipid-laden RAW 264.7 macrophages. J Cell Biochem. (2005)
  73. Liou KT, et al. The anti-inflammatory effect of honokiol on neutrophils: mechanisms in the inhibition of reactive oxygen species production. Eur J Pharmacol. (2003)
  74. Park EJ, et al. Protective effects of honokiol and magnolol on tertiary butyl hydroperoxide- or D-galactosamine-induced toxicity in rat primary hepatocytes. Planta Med. (2003)
  75. Fried LE, Arbiser JL. Honokiol, a multifunctional antiangiogenic and antitumor agent. Antioxid Redox Signal. (2009)
  76. Zhao C, Liu ZQ. Comparison of antioxidant abilities of magnolol and honokiol to scavenge radicals and to protect DNA. Biochimie. (2011)
  77. Bai X, et al. Honokiol, a small molecular weight natural product, inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. J Biol Chem. (2003)
  78. Ahn KS, et al. Honokiol potentiates apoptosis, suppresses osteoclastogenesis, and inhibits invasion through modulation of nuclear factor-kappaB activation pathway. Mol Cancer Res. (2006)
  79. Battle TE, Arbiser J, Frank DA. The natural product honokiol induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells. Blood. (2005)
  80. Funa NS, et al. Shb gene knockdown increases the susceptibility of SVR endothelial tumor cells to apoptotic stimuli in vitro and in vivo. J Invest Dermatol. (2008)
  81. Ishitsuka K, et al. Honokiol overcomes conventional drug resistance in human multiple myeloma by induction of caspase-dependent and -independent apoptosis.Blood. (2005)
  82. Shigemura K, et al. Honokiol, a natural plant product, inhibits the bone metastatic growth of human prostate cancer cells. Cancer. (2007)
  83. Xu HL, et al. Targeting apoptosis pathways in cancer with magnolol and honokiol, bioactive constituents of the bark of Magnolia officinalis. Drug Discov Ther. (2011)
  84. Down-regulation of P-glycoprotein expression in MDR breast cancer cell MCF-7/ADR by honokiol.
  85. Sheu ML, Liu SH, Lan KH. Honokiol induces calpain-mediated glucose-regulated protein-94 cleavage and apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells and reduces tumor growth. PLoS One. (2007)
  86. Wang T, et al. Honokiol induces apoptosis through p53-independent pathway in human colorectal cell line RKO. World J Gastroenterol. (2004)
  87. Wolf I, et al. Honokiol, a natural biphenyl, inhibits in vitro and in vivo growth of breast cancer through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Int J Oncol. (2007)
  88. Hahm ER, et al. Honokiol, a constituent of oriental medicinal herb magnolia officinalis, inhibits growth of PC-3 xenografts in vivo in association with apoptosis induction. Clin Cancer Res. (2008)
  89. Garcia A, et al. Honokiol suppresses survival signals mediated by Ras-dependent phospholipase D activity in human cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res. (2008)
  90. Liu Y, et al. Enhancement of therapeutic effectiveness by combining liposomal honokiol with cisplatin in ovarian carcinoma. Int J Gynecol Cancer. (2008)
  91. Wang XH, et al. Improved solubility and pharmacokinetics of PEGylated liposomal honokiol and human plasma protein binding ability of honokiol. Int J Pharm. (2011)
  92. Jiang QQ, et al. Improved therapeutic effectiveness by combining liposomal honokiol with cisplatin in lung cancer model. BMC Cancer. (2008)
  93. Li L, et al. Honokiol induces a necrotic cell death through the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Cancer Res. (2007)
  94. Yang SE, et al. Down-modulation of Bcl-XL, release of cytochrome c and sequential activation of caspases during honokiol-induced apoptosis in human squamous lung cancer CH27 cells. Biochem Pharmacol. (2002)
  95. Hirano T, Gotoh M, Oka K. Natural flavonoids and lignans are potent cytostatic agents against human leukemic HL-60 cells. Life Sci. (1994)
  96. Hibasami H, et al. Honokiol induces apoptosis in human lymphoid leukemia Molt 4B cells. Int J Mol Med. (1998)
  97. Li JM, et al. Behavioral and biochemical studies on chronic mild stress models in rats treated with a Chinese traditional prescription Banxia-houpu decoction. Life Sci. (2003)
  98. Yi LT, et al. Orthogonal array design for antidepressant compatibility of polysaccharides from Banxia-Houpu decoction, a traditional Chinese herb prescription in the mouse models of depression. Arch Pharm Res. (2009)
  99. Antidepressant-like Effects of Monarch Drug Compatibility in Banxia Houpu Decoction.

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Acai Fruit 5

  1. Jensen GS, Wu X, Patterson KM, et al. In vitro and in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of an antioxidant-rich fruit and berry juice blend. Results of a pilot and randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.2008;56(18):8326-8333.
  2. Marcason W. What is the açaí berry and are there health benefits?Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2009;109(11):1968.
  3. Schauss AG, Clewell A, Balogh L, et al. Safety evaluation of an acai-fortified fruit and berry functional juice beverage (MonaVie Active®). 2010;278(1):46-54.
  4. Schreckinger ME, Lotton J, Lila MA, et al. Berries from South America: a comprehensive review on chemistry, health potential, and commercialization. Journal of Medicinal Food.2010;13(2):233-246.
  5. Udani JK, Singh BB, Singh VJ, et al. Effects of acai (Euterpe oleracea) berry preparation on metabolic parameters in a healthy overweight population: a pilot study. Nutrition Journal.2011;10:45.

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Ginseng 196

  1. A double-blind comparison of the effect on quality of life of a combination of vital substances including standardized ginseng G115 and placebo.
  2. The relationship between health related quality of life and dietary supplementation in british middle managers: A double blind placebo controlled study.
  3. A double blind placebo controlled trial examining the relationship between Health-Related Quality of Life and dietary supplements.
  4. Influence of a double blind pharmacological trial on two domains of well-being in subjects with age associated memory impairment.
  5. Double-blind study of a multivitamin complex supplemented with ginseng extract.
  6. A six-month supplementation of mulberry, korean red ginseng, and banaba decreases biomarkers of systemic low-grade inflammation in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes.
  7. Effect of ginseng injection on congestive heart failure and thyroid hormones.
  8. WHO Monograph.
  9. Chemical constituents and biological activities of the berry of Panax ginseng.
  10. Yun TK. Brief introduction of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. J Korean Med Sci. (2001)
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Lemon Balm 41

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Passion Flower 18

  1. Akhondzadeh S, Naghavi HR, Vazirian M, Shayeganpour A, Rashidi H, Khani M. Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2001;26:369-373.
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  12. Larzelere MM, Wiseman P. Anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Prim Care. 2002;29:339-360, vii. Review.
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  14. Modabbernia A, Akhondzadeh S. Saffron, passionflower, valerian, and sage for mental health. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2013;36(1):85-91.
  15. Movafegh A, Alizadeh R, Hajimohamadi F, Esfehani F, Nejatfar M. Preoperative oral Passiflora incarnatareduces anxiety in ambulatory surgery patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesth Analg. 2008;106:1728-1732.
  16. Rotblatt M, Ziment I. Evidence-Based Herbal Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Hanley & Belfus, Inc; 2002;294-297.
  17. Sarris J. Herbal medicines in the treatment of psychiatric disorders: a systematic review. Phytother Res. 2007;21:703-716. Review.
  18. Watson RR, Zibadi S, Rafatpanah H, et al. Oral administration of the purple passion fruit peel extract reduces wheeze and cough and improves shortness of breath in adults with asthma. Nutr Res. 2008;28:166-171.

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Rhodiola 134

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